SPOOL
type: channel
description: SPOOL is a journal initiative in the field of architecture and the built environment
publisher: SOAP | Stichting OpenAccess platforms
language: en
publication name: SPOOL
issn: 2215-0897
items: An interactive simulation of control and coordination strategies for swarms of autonomous construction robots
items: Untangling Stakeholder Dynamics in Circularity of the Built Environment
items: The migrating walls
items: Therblig to Robot
items: In-Situ vs. Prefab 3D Printing Considerations for CO2-free Pop-up Architecture
items: Advancing Sustainable Approaches in Architecture by Means of Design-to-Robotic-Production
items: Human-Robot Interaction for Carbon-free Architecture
items: Dialogues on Architecture #6
items: Critical Zones and Thought Exhibitions
items: Interdimensional Representations
items: Re-Representations
items: Peat, Actor and Design Tool
items: What Slides, Crumbles, Drifts…
items: Drifting Space and Unruly Velocities
items: Multispecies Collages for Marais Wiels
items: Representing the More-than-Human
items: Plantations of the past
items: Urban Forest Living Lab - ‘Urban Symbiosis’
items: Tree Stands Between Forest and Plantation
items: Planning, Planting, and Maintaining New Urban Forests in the Metropolitan Area of Milano
items: Building Biodiverse Urban Forests in the Post-Soviet City
items: The Forest Figure as Strategic Tool for Urban Transition
items: Co-creating Flemish Forestscapes
items: Do You See the Forest for All the Trees?
items: Wildwood Plaza
items: Urban Forestscapes
items: On File and As Files
items: Collective data-based drawings
items: Retrieving landscape
items: Design of Co-creation in Rotterdam Central Station (1996-2007)

An interactive simulation of control and coordination strategies for swarms of autonomous construction robots
type: item
description: There is an established idea – found in science fiction, architectural studios, and scientific papers alike – of stainable buildings crafted from bio-based materials, colonized by plant and animal life, and blending seamlessly into the natural surroundings. Such buildings might one day be built, maintained and remodelled by swarms of autonomous robots, allowing them to evolve in response to the changing needs of their inhabitants. Inspired by that vision, this paper contributes to the field of swarm intelligence with a focus on robotic construction and human-swarm interaction. Along with a short literature review on robotic building, swarm intelligence and biocompatible building materials, the paper presents an open-source simulation of abstracted termite-like swarm construction. The focus is mainly on human-swarm interaction, specifically how to influence the emergent behaviour of an autonomous swarm in order to elicit a desired outcome while retaining the robustness and adaptability of a self-organized system. The simulator is used to demonstrate a set of four autonomous swarm behaviours that are representative of construction tasks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: swarm robotics
  topic: keywords
subject: robotic additive manufacturing
  topic: keywords
subject: emergent behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: computational modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: termites
  topic: keywords
creator: Jordan H Boyle
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 5
ending page: 22
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.01

Untangling Stakeholder Dynamics in Circularity of the Built Environment
type: item
description: Comics are a known method to visually link characters to context through time. This article explores the medium of comics to untangle stakeholder dynamics in the context of a complex theme such as circularity of the built environment. Circularity of the built environment tailors concepts of circular economy to the field of construction and urban development. Relying mostly on optimization strategies, context-specific characteristics such as stakeholder agency and spatial preconditions are often disregarded as resources in the design of circularity projects. This results in one-size-fits all circularity instruments formalized in generic toolboxes. Circularity instruments should additionally engage with stakeholders, recognizing complexity and surfacing the resourcefulness of the territory. This comics series follows the researcher from analysis to design hypothesis, clarifying complexity at hand from the researcher perspective, including stakeholder agendas, spatial conditions, barriers and opportunities. Part of an ongoing action-research project, the self-reflective comics show parts of a researcher’s journey untangling circularity in the built environment in its multiple stakeholder dimensions. It includes data sourced from mixed method research, such as ethnographic fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and archival research on two Flemish industry parks, Kortrijk-Noord and Leuven-Haasrode. These comics function as a narrative assemblage method for critical analysis, bringing together different data sources, and rendering our research process on circularity contextual and visual. Additionally, the comic allows us to communicate, challenge, and begin to design with (hidden) stakeholder agency.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Evidence and Method
  topic: category
subject: circularity of the built environment
  topic: keywords
subject: comics
  topic: keywords
subject: critical exploration
  topic: keywords
subject: complexity
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-spatial research
  topic: keywords
creator: Ellen Verbiest
creator: Julie Marin
creator: Bruno De Meulder
creator: Andrew Vande Moere
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Ellen Verbiest, Julie Marin, Bruno De Meulder, Andrew Vande Moere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-02
publication date: 2025-11-02
starting page: 73
ending page: 86
doi: 10.47982/spool.2023.1.05

The migrating walls
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparison of different workflows for mobile robotic fabrication using modular building blocks. Different localization, locomotion, and interlocking building systems strategies are tested and compared. The work is influenced by related research into ecosystems of building parts, design software, and builder robots to digitize the construction work. For localization, it compares LIDARs, reacTIVision, and ArUco markers. As a mobile platform, a MIR100 robot platform, a 3.3 m linear axis, and a manual trolly are used. Interlocking components such as wood slates, custom-made bricks, and interlocking wood building blocks are used. The research is in the field of collective robotic construction (CRC) using bespoke robots designed in tandem with specific discrete building blocks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: localization
  topic: keywords
subject: interlocking parts
  topic: keywords
subject: mobile robots
  topic: keywords
subject: mobile platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: discrete architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomous construction
  topic: keywords
subject: computer vision
  topic: keywords
subject: collective robotic construction
  topic: keywords
creator: Victor Sardenberg
creator: Andrea Kondziela
creator: Antonin Brünner
creator: Youssef Daadoush
creator: Hendrik Wiese
creator: Mirco Becker
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 23
ending page: 48
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.02

Therblig to Robot
type: item
description: Industrial robotic arms commonly require specialist knowledge for machine functions. Specifically, training cobots for work sequences is time consuming and complex when task complexity increases, such as through differentiation in tool adaptations or work processes. This research explores robot versatility for a context of domestic environments (such as a kitchen/workshop), where work processes are approached as a hybrid scenario, with setup for integration of a tool variety whereby human-robot teams collaborate. The paper discusses a) novel workflows based on a palette of work tools adopted for robot tooling to translate manual human tasks to human-robot tasks; b) an initial script series for work processes that represents modelling, planning, simulation, and implementation; c) a framework for task division through action sets based on Therbligs that supports users; and d) an empirical evaluation of the approach through a series of user studies. In a post-carbon context, previously autonomous robots are required to become more versatile in terms of productivity, scalability, safety and skill criteria and environmental impact. This research extends beyond traditional kitchens to include workshop and fabrication scenarios characterised by the complexity and variability of task applications, guided by detailed action packages that explore robotic work for modular components or fluid and liquid materials; heat and assembly-based processing; and bridges from food preparation to fabrication and manufacturing tasks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: human-robot teaming
  topic: keywords
subject: human-robot collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: robot programming
  topic: keywords
subject: task allocation
  topic: keywords
subject: Therbligs
  topic: keywords
subject: kitchen
  topic: keywords
subject: workshop
  topic: keywords
creator: Dagmar Reinhardt
creator: Lynn Masuda
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 49
ending page: 64
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.03

In-Situ vs. Prefab 3D Printing Considerations for CO2-free Pop-up Architecture
type: item
description: This paper revisits existing pop-up typologies in architecture to identify opportunities for new shelter models to address current housing demands and future habitation requirements on Mars. It presents advancements in design to production methodologies based on computational and robotic techniques to meet current requirements and affordances while integrating sustainable and adaptive functionalities. The main goal is to advance pop-up architecture by developing methods and technologies for rapidly deployable on- and off-Earth habitats while addressing challenges of carbon-free architecture by means of 3D printing. By reviewing state-of-the-art in-situ vs. prefab 3D printing approaches with a particular focus on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) supported Design-to-Robotic-Production-Assembly and -Operation (D2RPA&O) methods developed at TU Delft material, process, and energy efficiency using locally sourced materials is achieved.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: pop-up architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: computational design
  topic: keywords
subject: robotic production,
  topic: keywords
subject: assembly and operation
  topic: keywords
subject: in-situ and prefab 3D printing
  topic: keywords
subject: human-robot interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Atousa Aslaminezhad
creator: Arwin Hidding
creator: Henriette Bier
creator: Giuseppe Calabrese
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 71
ending page: 80
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.05

Advancing Sustainable Approaches in Architecture by Means of Design-to-Robotic-Production
type: item
description: The construction sector accounts for about 40% of material-, energy- and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions , which can be reduced by introducing data-driven Circular Economy (CE) approaches . For instance, Design-to-Robotic-Production (D2RP) methods developed in the Robotic building lab, at Technical University (TU) Delft are embedding data-driven systems into building processes. Their potential to contribute to sustainability through increased material-, process-, and energy-efficiency has been explored in several case studies that are presented in this paper. The assumption is that by using these methods and reclaimed wood to minimize demand for new resources and reduce deforestation along the way, CO2 emissions can be considerably reduced.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: building construction
  topic: keywords
subject: CO2
  topic: keywords
subject: circular- and AI-supported robotic approaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Henriette Bier
creator: Arwin Hidding
creator: Casper van Engelenburg
creator: Tarique Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 65
ending page: 70
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.04

Human-Robot Interaction for Carbon-free Architecture
type: item
description: The Spool CpA #6 issue on Human-Robot Interaction for Carbon-free Architecture reviews current tendencies in autonomous construction and human-robotic interaction in architecture. It aims at affirming and/or challenging research agendas in the domain of architectural robots and attempts to answer questions about (i) the fundamental framing of post-carbon autonomous construction, (ii) the interdependencies between machines, humans, and materials, and (iii) the different imple-mentation timeframes ranging from continuous transformation to leapfrogging.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: Carbon-free
  topic: keywords
subject: Architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Human-Robot Interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Henriette Bier
creator: Mirco Becker
creator: Jan Philipp Drude
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 3
ending page: 4
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.00

Dialogues on Architecture #6
type: item
description: Dialogues on Architecture, published in various issues of Spool CpA, is a series of dialogues between researchers and practitioners, who are embracing the intellectual model of high technology and are involved in its advancement and application in architecture. Dialog #6 presents discussions risen during an online symposium on challenges of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, which is facing a threefold challenge involving the (i) digital transformation of all design and planning processes, (ii) automation of construction processes, and (iii) reconsideration of energy, process, and material use. These challenges involve issues with respect to productivity, scalability, safety, labour skill shift, and environmental impact. Acknowledging that there is a particular urgency in transferring effective solutions from research to building practice to meet significant carbon reduction goals by 2040, the one-day symposium organized as an online event in 2022 , Human-Robot Interaction for Post-Carbon Architecture (HRI4PCA), was an opportunity to make an inventory of current tendencies in autonomous construction and human-robotic interaction in architecture. It aims at affirming and/or challenging research agendas in the domain of architectural robots.
subject: Interview
  topic: section
subject: Cyber-physical Architecture
  topic: category
subject: human-robot interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: post-carbon architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomous construction
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
creator: Henriette Bier
creator: Mirco Becker
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-20
publication date: 2024-07-20
starting page: 81
ending page: 86
doi: 10.47982/spool.2024.1.06

Critical Zones and Thought Exhibitions
type: item
description: This paper discusses the notion of ‘thought exhibition’ proposed by the late Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel at ZKM | Center for Art and Media (Karlsruhe, Germany) and some of its most central approaches to imagining new relationships to the world we inhabit. The analysis particularly considers the last of the exhibitions developed by Weibel and Latour under this curatorial concept, Critical Zones: Observatories for Earthly Politics (2020–22), the conceptual preparation of which the author took part in. Critical Zones utilized the spatio-aesthetic capacities of an exhibition to test, in the mode of an embodied thought experiment, a relational understanding of the world inhabited and shaped by interdependent lifeforms—a world that only artificially, through Western hegemonic thought and actions, can be separated into somewhat detached spheres of ‘nature’ and ‘culture’, where inhabitants of the latter demote the former to resources to be extracted. This paper discusses the spatio-aesthetic experimentation enabled by the exhibition to challenge such dichotomous separations. It investigates the curatorial concept by focusing on two central works: CZO Space (2020) by Alexandra Arènes & Soheil Hajmirbaba and Flash Point (Timekeeper) (2018) by Sarah Sze. As ‘cosmograms’ (John Tresch, Bruno Latour), both works describe a relationship to a world that is not one of coherence and dominance but that respects its particularities and assemblages.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Critical zone
  topic: keywords
subject: compositionism
  topic: keywords
subject: cosmogram
  topic: keywords
subject: cosmology
  topic: keywords
subject: exhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: museum
  topic: keywords
subject: curation
  topic: keywords
subject: thought exhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: thought experiment
  topic: keywords
subject: nature-culture dualism
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Irrgang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 7
ending page: 18
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.01

Interdimensional Representations
type: item
description: This visual essay explores the translation of complex environments through representations with attributes that are summarized as ‘interdimensional’. These attributes are not yet elaborated, but the term emphasizes that these representations integrate different dimensions of experiencing and understanding various spatial scales and temporal perspectives. The process of producing these representations requires the Landscape Architect to encounter, investigate, and communicate life, materiality, and processes in an approach that values attentiveness and creativity. The representations discussed were developed in the context of a design studio at the University of Edinburgh, which was elaborated and led by the author and situated within the Highland Boundary Fault Zone in Scotland. A studio collective, composed of Master’s students in landscape architecture over two years, was encouraged to traverse the fault zone, taking into account social, ecological, and geological fractures, as well as points of tension and upheaval. Operating from within the ‘critical zone’, the late Bruno Latour’s and his collaborators’ provocation has been adopted: that working from this perspective is necessary to recognize that we humans are ‘living among the living’ (Société d’Objets Cartographiques [SOC], 2018). The author’s, and the design studio’s approach encourages experimental drawing and making to develop ‘ecologically explicit’ landscape architecture—landscape interpretations and design propositions—that foreground and support more-than-human worlds.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Astonishment
  topic: keywords
subject: critical zones
  topic: keywords
subject: interdimensional representations
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape perception
  topic: keywords
subject: shifting scales
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Rhodes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 19
ending page: 28
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.02

Re-Representations
type: item
description: This article explores the agency of representations to open up perspectives in more-than-human landscape design processes. It follows and investigates the approach of re-representations—multimodal assemblages that narrate landscapes as zones constituted by specific socio-material processes. Methods of research through and on design are combined: students’ experiments of designing with representations were set up in a landscape architecture design studio at the Technical University Berlin in the context of a deeply changing wetness regime in Lusatia, Germany. These design methods are investigated by synthesizing and comparing them with the aim of reflecting them in a post-humanist, new materialist discourse on the understanding of landscape and critical mapping. The findings concentrate on the most crucial agencies these re-representations have, to reorient design processes and reshape what is understood as landscape design in the shift to more-than-human worlds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Re-representation
  topic: keywords
subject: recursive design processes
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-human landscapes
  topic: keywords
subject: mattering processes
  topic: keywords
subject: transscalarity
  topic: keywords
subject: patchiness
  topic: keywords
subject: pluralism
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Neuhaus
creator: Alejandro Orduz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 29
ending page: 44
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.03

Peat, Actor and Design Tool
type: item
description: This essay explores integrating experimental graphic methods into the design process to engage with more-than-human worlds. It is based on the graduation project ‘RE-Peat: Different Futures for the Peat Polders, a Social-Ecological Landscape in the Netherlands,’ which aims to transform degraded peatlands. Through various representation techniques, such as hand-drawn perception drawings and Gaia-graphic representation, peat is positioned as an actor and a design tool. Such methods aim to foster environmental sensitivity and holistic design ideas, acknowledging the needs of both human and non-human actors.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Gaia-graphic representation
  topic: keywords
subject: hand drawings
  topic: keywords
subject: influence map
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-humans
  topic: keywords
subject: peat
  topic: keywords
subject: social-ecological systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Anastasiia Soshnikova
creator: Inge Bobbink
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 45
ending page: 54
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.04

What Slides, Crumbles, Drifts…
type: item
description: In the urgent context of climate adaptation, enhancing representational and design tools within the landscape discipline is crucial for building a comprehensive understanding of the natural processes driving phenomena in hazardous landscapes. Moreover, the context of the more-than-human paradigm poses new challenges. If we view water, soil, and rocks as lively processes and nonhuman actants—agents with their own agencies and rights—how can mapping practices help us better understand, interpret, and recognize their processes, movements, and behaviors? Based on an interpretative cartographic technique using LiDAR imagery, this paper introduces a series of cartographic experiments that depict water and rock as dynamic, lively processes. The resulting maps aim to enrich our representations of the forces driving natural hazards and provide a new “language” that enhances our understanding of their multiple agencies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: cartography
  topic: keywords
subject: LiDAR
  topic: keywords
subject: interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: large-scale landscapes
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-human
  topic: keywords
subject: natural hazards
  topic: keywords
subject: rock
  topic: keywords
subject: water
  topic: keywords
creator: Violaine Forsberg Mussault
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 55
ending page: 78
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.05

Drifting Space and Unruly Velocities
type: item
description: This visual essay explores the translation of complex environments through representations with attributes that are summarized as ‘interdimensional’. These attributes are not elaborated yet, but the term emphasizes that these representations integrate different dimensions of experiencing and understanding various spatial scales and temporal perspectives. The process of producing these representations requires the landscape architect to encounter, investigate, and communicate life, materiality, and processes in an approach that appreciates attentiveness and creativity. The representations discussed were developed in the context of a design studio at the University of Edinburgh that was elaborated and led by the author and situated within the Highland Boundary Fault Zone in Scotland. A studio collective composed of Master’s students in Landscape Architecture over two years has been encouraged to traverse the fault zone, taking into account social, ecological, and geological fractures, as well as points of tension and upheaval. Operating from within the ‘critical zone’, the provocation of the late Bruno Latour and his collaborators has been adopted: that working from this perspective is necessary to recognize that we humans are ‘living among the living’ (Société d’Objets Cartographiques [SOC] 2018). The design studio’s approach encourages experimental drawing and making to develop ‘ecologically explicit’ landscape architecture—landscape interpretations and design propositions—that foreground and support more-than-human worlds.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Arctic ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: drifting
  topic: keywords
subject: marine spatial planning
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-human
  topic: keywords
subject: more-than-wet
  topic: keywords
subject: oceanic urbanisation
  topic: keywords
subject: sea ice
  topic: keywords
creator: Aniella Sophie Goldinger
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 79
ending page: 94
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.06

Multispecies Collages for Marais Wiels
type: item
description: This paper explores directions for a more-than-human conceptualization of urban space. We present five ‘multispecies collages’ for Marais Wiels (Wiels Marshes) in Brussels. This brownfield, inhabited by a wide range of animal species, has been the subject of various construction plans and debates over the past 20 years. In the article, we will first argue that the existing imaginaries for the site, as propelled by the designers and policymakers, fail to acknowledge its multispecies complexity. Such blindness can be linked to the analytical frameworks and representational methods used by urban design professionals. We will then explore an alternative methodology to read Marais Wiels as a space of (non)human cohabitation through a mapping and collage exercise. In doing so, we use alternative data sources and speculative drawing methods. We will show how these multispecies collages, built around five perspectives, reveal a more relational understanding of the site. We conclude by confronting existing spatial imaginaries with our re-reading of Marais Wiels and reflect on the collages as an attempt to bridge the gap between more-than-human theory and urban design practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: More-than-human worlds
  topic: keywords
subject: posthuman urbanism
  topic: keywords
subject: multispecies mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: human-nature constellations
  topic: keywords
subject: ecological design
  topic: keywords
creator: Björn Bracke
creator: Koenraad Danneels
creator: Brunno Notteboom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 95
ending page: 110
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.07

Representing the More-than-Human
type: item
description: In the thread Landscape Metropolis, SPOOL addresses the interrelation between urban, infrastructural, rural, and living formations as a dynamic, intertwined, and layered landscape structure. Triggered by the profound changes of the Anthropocene, the complexity of the metropolitan landscape asks for reorientation when addressing physical space as well as spatial investigation and theory, in terms of aesthetic appreciation, designerly concepts, guidelines for planning and governance, and design theoretical understandings. Spatial design responses to this growing complexity cover a broad spectrum of areas. They range from a focus on negotiation processes between human actors and demands—such as approaching the need for inclusivity, accessibility, and democracy in urban spaces (e.g., Landscape Metropolis #5 – Park Politics)—to a technical or ecological systems-oriented focus on managing landscapes, as in landscape ecology. Further dimensions open when taking a post-humanist view, understanding spaces as animated worlds consisting of a multitude of actors like waters, soils, animals, microbes, plants, and technology, in which humans live entangled, in dependencies with other cohabitants (see, for example, Barad, 2007; Haraway, 2016; Latour & Porter, 2017; Tsing, 2012). How can designers and design disciplines reposition their roles toward this more-than-human, and how does it change the alignment of spatial interventions—the processes of designing in landscapes? In this SPOOL issue, Representing the More-Than-Human, we inquire about the role of visual representations in this reorientation: How can drawings—and the act of drawing—mappings—and the act of mapping—exhibitions and the act of exhibiting help to practice this approximation toward what we are part of: the more-than-human? In doing so, we locate ourselves in a rapidly intensifying scientific and practical field. Spatial-oriented disciplines are increasingly in dialogue with approaches evolving in post-humanism an…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
creator: Anna Neuhaus
creator: Inge Bobbink
creator: Saskia de Wit
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-19
publication date: 2025-07-19
starting page: 3
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.2.00

Plantations of the past
type: item
description: This paper expands on the term ‘urban forest’ through spatial historical research and via the concept of Forestscape. The city of Delft in the western part of the Netherlands is taken as a case study, with the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries as the sample period. Based on a methodology examining the spatial history of Delft from both a processes and a patterns perspective, we identify six tree planting practices or ‘afforestation events’. These plantings were integral to the early modern cityscape to the extent that the spaces in which they were planted were typologically incomplete without them. We identify tree plantings in group, line, and volume arrangements and posit these arrangements as a foundational scale in a multi-scalar understanding of the urban forest. The term ‘plantation’ formed the leitmotif for these plantings, interpreting natural features such as copses, groves, woods, and forests. The case study also demonstrates how, even in the early modern period, tree arrangements were established for a variety of benefits which ostensibly resonate with the contemporary notion of ‘ecosystem services’, but that were instead part of an alternative sensibility of what ‘city’ and ‘nature’ is. In this frame, the term Forestscape offers a way forward to retroactively interpret the historic urban forest and counter the current binary city-versus-nature discourse. We find that the collection of tree arrangements established in Delft in the period 1500–1800 presents a ‘wooded watermark’ of the city, which in many instances was reanimated with new tree plantings, demonstrating how parts of an urban forest can become a fixture in the morphology of the city and the lives of its citizens. At the regional scale, the extent of tree plantings around Delft with urban ‘roots’ extends far into the urban hinterland, while at the same time, trees and wooded areas with rural ‘roots’ extend well into the urban area. This condition opens a discussion on the inter-r…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Afforestation
  topic: keywords
subject: Delft
  topic: keywords
subject: forestscapes
  topic: keywords
subject: garden culture
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape metropolis
  topic: keywords
subject: plantation
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial history
  topic: keywords
subject: tree language
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forest
  topic: keywords
subject: urban region
  topic: keywords
creator: Erik de Jong
creator: René van de Velde
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 161
ending page: 180
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.09

Urban Forest Living Lab - ‘Urban Symbiosis’
type: item
description: This essay reports on a ‘living lab’ approach to develop a new understanding of below- and above-ground ecological processes as the foundation for robust urban forest habitats. This experimental approach includes a series of design and implementation projects in the city of The Hague, the Netherlands. In contrast to mainstream greening projects led by local governments, these experiments enable urban trees to form more robust forest-like systems by creating a symbiosis between soil (organisms), trees, plant communities, and species. As implemented reference projects are limited, a learning-by-doing methodology was adopted. A transdisciplinary team, consisting of landscape architects/designers, arborists, botanists, municipal and private green space maintenance organizations, has initiated, implemented, and monitored a series of pilot projects. Analysis of ten natural reference locations in the surrounding countryside has helped to define natural and forest-like soil conditions and plant communities for the three living lab locations in the city. Local residents have been engaged in the design, implementation and maintenance process. Sharing insights so far contributes to the transition of reconnecting soil, nature, and people in cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: co-creation
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: residents
  topic: keywords
subject: soil health
  topic: keywords
subject: transdisciplinary research
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forest
  topic: keywords
subject: urban green space
  topic: keywords
subject: urban transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jean-François Gauthier
creator: Wiebke Klemm
creator: Cecil C. Konijnendijk
creator: Michiel Mol
creator: Marco Roos
creator: Nico Tillie
creator: Rosa de Wolf
creator: Roeland Lelieveld
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 143
ending page: 160
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.08

Tree Stands Between Forest and Plantation
type: item
description: By contrasting three ongoing research projects along with complementary arguments, this paper explores mediating practices from environmental art and architecture perspectives in the context of industrial forestry and Sweden’s ‘green transition’. The general discourse on ‘green transitions’ significantly amplifies the cultural and economic values of forests within and beyond Sweden. This amplification turns forests into reflexive entities that compel broader value revisions, challenging the extractivist character of modern urbanism. An example is the recent public debate in Sweden about what distinguishes a ‘forest’ (skog) from a ‘plantation’ (plantage). The debate does not reinforce the binary divide between the terms. Instead, it is prompting renewed, if overdue, attention to suppressed Indigenous and rural ancestries, as well as to alternative narratives and techniques that rethink industrial forestry tropes. From that context, our arguments position our respective research works—regarding 1) tree nurseries and climate injustice, 2) the transnational timber industry, and 3) new resource economies for the built environment—in ways which form and encourage research intersections that recognize ancestral, physical, and temporal scales as a potential for enriching the model that is the Swedish ‘green transition’.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Ancestral knowledges
  topic: keywords
subject: architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: boreal forests
  topic: keywords
subject: decolonization
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental art
  topic: keywords
subject: forest urbanism
  topic: keywords
subject: green transition
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: Sápmi
  topic: keywords
subject: self-sufficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Luis Berríos-Negrón
creator: Cornelia Redeker
creator: Toms Kokins
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 127
ending page: 142
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.07

Planning, Planting, and Maintaining New Urban Forests in the Metropolitan Area of Milano
type: item
description: Urbanization presents profound challenges to environmental sustainability, characterized by the depletion of green spaces and the degradation of urban ecosystems. Acknowledging the pivotal role of urban forests in mitigating environmental degradation and enhancing urban life quality, cities are increasingly adopting participatory approaches to afforestation. This paper explores the relationship between research and the practical implementation of urban forests, emphasizing the significance of constructing a robust network of stakeholders. The case study selected is the research project called Forestami, which aims to plant three million new trees and shrubs within the metropolitan area of Milan by 2030. This initiative promotes green infrastructure, ecological connections, and related ecosystem services; improves the public health of citizens; increases urban and peri-urban permeable surfaces; and protects and expands territorial biodiversity. By examining the interplay between research insights and on-the-ground implementation, this paper underscores the critical importance of forging a diverse network of stakeholders to navigate the complexities of urban forestry initiatives. Through this collaborative framework, cities can cultivate resilient and vibrant urban ecosystems that enrich the lives of residents while safeguarding the environment for future generations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: land use
  topic: keywords
subject: trees
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forestry
  topic: keywords
subject: urban planning
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Chiara Pastore
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 113
ending page: 126
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.06

Building Biodiverse Urban Forests in the Post-Soviet City
type: item
description: This visual essay outlines how Ruderal, a studio based in Tbilisi, Georgia, has developed new approaches to urban forestry applicable to the legacy of Soviet-era forests. The collapse of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and the resulting rapid privatization led to the reduction and degradation of Tbilisi’s public spaces. Ruderal’s approach to urban forestry is presented in three projects: the Mtatsminda Pilot Project (including Narikala Ridge), the Betania House Forest Garden, and the Arsenal Oasis Project. The projects illustrate how a new practice of urban forestry has grown from the limitations and opportunities of Tbilisi’s urban context. Ruderal’s practice pursues interventions at multiple scales along the following forestry principles: 1) grafting into baseline conditions; 2) utilising and expanding the ‘fertile section’; 3) incorporating genetic diversity and species competition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia
  topic: keywords
subject: Landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Tbilisi
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forestry
  topic: keywords
subject: urban soils
  topic: keywords
subject: species competition
  topic: keywords
subject: forest management
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah Cowles
creator: Benjamin Hackenberger
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 87
ending page: 112
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.05

The Forest Figure as Strategic Tool for Urban Transition
type: item
description: If the ambition of the Flemish territory is to become more forested, then an approximation is needed between forest and urbanization processes. Forest expansion can only be realized by developing a new understanding between forest and urbanization. This article discusses urban design explorations that stimulate a spatial transformation grafted on the forest as a structuring element of the Western Witness Hills of Leuven, through the ‘forest figure’. The forest figure is explored as a concept able to incorporate and mould urban and forest ambitions into a workable spatial frame.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Forest Urbanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Landscape Architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Landscape Urbanism
  topic: keywords
creator: Wim Wambecq
creator: Bruno De Meulder
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 71
ending page: 86
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.04

Co-creating Flemish Forestscapes
type: item
description: The paper explores the implementation of the afforestation programme in Flanders since 2019. Framed by the authors’ situated knowledge, it recounts the diverse strategies and tools of the programme, aimed at realising 4,000 hectares of new forests by 2024. With a focus on collective and systemic efforts, the paper outlines three operational domains to analyse the coalition-building process at regional and local levels: setting the institutional space, infrastructuring afforestation in spatial practice, and tailoring design tools for urban forestscapes. It explains how, beginning with the creation of the regional Forest Alliance coalition, a set of policies, soft power mechanisms, and designs have been promoted to accelerate the realisation of (sub)urban forest projects. In doing so, the article proposes a discussion on the forest metropolis as a contextualised cultural project, capable of aligning forest policies with urban forestry initiatives, as well as converging the urbanisms of territorial and domestic spheres, and positioning designers as crucial interfaces between these diverse realms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Afforestation programme
  topic: keywords
subject: Flanders
  topic: keywords
subject: forest urbanism
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forest typologies
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial agency
  topic: keywords
creator: Liesl Vanautgaerden
creator: Federico Gobbato Liva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 51
ending page: 70
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.03

Do You See the Forest for All the Trees?
type: item
description: Recent sustainability agendas come with the dual mission of responding to climate change and the loss of biodiversity. One strong trend is the increase in the number of trees in urban environments, initiatives often agglomerated under the label of urban forestry. The main focus of this article is to contribute to the development of this discourse by exploring the designerly aspects of urban forestry. This is done by unpacking the concept of ‘urban forestscapes’ as a dynamic and relational concept, derived from a landscape perspective that opens up to spatio-temporal, synthetic, and trans-scalar approaches, and further developed through a process of embedding the research both in relation to literature and in situ. Two wooded areas are studied at the Alnarp campus of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), in the Malmö- Copenhagen conurbation. The campus holds the first landscape laboratory in Scandinavia, a real-world experimentation site dedicated to the study of urban forestry and woods. The article suggests a recognition of the interpretative openness of the concept in addition to its hybrid qualities with the synthesizing power of overcoming divisions like that of nature/culture or forest/city. The results include insights into experiential characteristics of urban forestscapes as well as methodological considerations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Alnarp
  topic: keywords
subject: campus plan
  topic: keywords
subject: design research
  topic: keywords
subject: document analysis visualization
  topic: keywords
subject: field work
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forestscapes
  topic: keywords
creator: Caroline Dahl
creator: Dennis Andreasson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 33
ending page: 50
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.02

Wildwood Plaza
type: item
description: Wildwood Plaza (Robin Winogrond, 2013) reclaims a tiny, residual forest fragment on the city’s edge, transforming it into a recreational space with the power to act as catalyst of the forest imagination. Due to the unique characteristics of forests our imagination has the ability to transform even the most mundane woods into a moving experience. Wildwood Plaza searches to reinterpret these characteristics to become not only rational recreational spaces, but ones in which the immersive, poetic character dominates the experience. The innovation of the project lies in the new interpretation of functional woodland clearings. The design language is one of reduction and simplicity. Not the forest has been designed but its void, the silence of the space has been given character, thus opening up the landscape qualities of the seemingly valueless forest fragment to the urban perception.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: Forest space
  topic: keywords
subject: immersive experience
  topic: keywords
subject: immateriality
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: materiality
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenology
  topic: keywords
subject: urban forestry
  topic: keywords
subject: woodland clearing
  topic: keywords
creator: Robin Winogrond
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 7
ending page: 32
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.01

Urban Forestscapes
type: item
description: This issue of SPOOL elaborates a designerly perspective on urban forestry. Evidence has increased rapidly in the recent years to confirm the agency of trees and urban forests to cure a number of ills besetting urban societies. An expanding range of disciplines, in varying and novel combinations, are turning to an urban version of forestry to re-configure green (and grey) infrastructures, re-write neighbourhoods, re-purpose derelict territories and re-vitalize disparate peripheries. As such, in the face of the growing number of challenges facing cities globally, we see that urban trees and forests are becoming increasingly central to spatial planning and design practise. And yet, with all this work done on the environmental, ecological, technical and recently also urbanism-related aspects of urban forestry (cf. Journal of Landscape Architecture 1/2023), its site-specific, spatial, aesthetical, and cultural dimensions have received less attention in research. For us as SPOOL editors, this is an invitation to focus on trees and forests from the vantage point of landscape architecture and the related thread of SPOOL, called ‘landscape metropolis’. This thematic thread addresses the dynamic, composite, and layered urban landscape with all its biotic and abiotic elements from a design perspective, with the intent to transcend the conventional city-countryside dichotomy, and to understand landscape as a permanent underlying subtext of the urban condition, with repercussions into the remotest corners of the globe. From a landscape metropolis perspective, cities are understood as complex territorial mosaics where the conventional categories of urban and non-urban give way to a mix of material environments in various stages of ‘naturalness’, or to put it another way: natures in various stages of becoming ‘cultured’. Building on the potentials of an alternative reading of the urban territory then, in this issue we feature a number of select authors who elaborate on this condit…
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: Landscape Metropolis
  topic: category
subject: urban
  topic: keywords
subject: forestscape
  topic: keywords
subject: design
  topic: keywords
subject: research
  topic: keywords
creator: Saskia de Wit
creator: René van de Velde
creator: Lisa Diedrich
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-21
publication date: 2025-04-21
starting page: 3
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47982/spool.2025.1.00

On File and As Files
type: item
description: In this paper, we piece together threads of communicative processes between residents, architects, and other parties, as found in the lists and letters of the archive of the Byker Redevelopment in Newcastle Upon Tyne (1968-83). Documents that are usually discarded or neglected by architectural researchers - from a stack of various papers documenting residents’ lists of complaints, evaluative papers such as an audit report, and architects’ memos, to a resident’s letter of complaint - enable us to reconstruct, first, how a mainstream practice collected and filed residents’ experiences and understanding of their homes, and second, how, through the circulation of those papers in action as files, residents’ notes were also embedded in the design process.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Evidence and Method
  topic: category
subject: archives
  topic: keywords
subject: materiality
  topic: keywords
subject: participation
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural design process
  topic: keywords
subject: post-World War ll housing
  topic: keywords
creator: Heidi Svenningsen Kajita
creator: Katie Lloyd Thomas
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Heidi Svenningsen Kajita, Katie Lloyd Thomas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-24
publication date: 2023-12-24
starting page: 21
ending page: 36
doi: 10.47982/spool.2023.1.02

Collective data-based drawings
type: item
description: The laboratory ALICE (Atelier de la Conception de l’Espace) at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) advances a comprehensive approach to data-based drawing oriented towards architectural and urban co-design processes. This drawing methodology has been key in the contributive design process they have applied over the last seven years, covering a range of scales and contexts, both within the public and private spheres. Contribution has become a relational strategy that unites a diverse range of participants, each hailing from various backgrounds and carrying unique needs, which come together around the drawing. For this reason, the cultivation of a robust drawing culture, from their teaching to their research and design activities, has become a cornerstone of ALICE’s philosophy, where drawing is embraced not merely as a representational tool but as a constructive means for design work. Their methodology has now evolved to include data-based drawing techniques, skillfully merging precise surveying with qualitative data analysis, thereby bridging the gap between quantitative and qualitative facets of design. This article explains this data-based approach to drawing through a series of projects developed in the Greater Geneva region. Throughout them, they explain how ALICE’s situated data-based drawings facilitate intricate coordination among students, leading to real-scale interventions; explore the potential of transforming main roads into landscape infrastructures that promote sustainable mobility and urban development; or offer an innovative lens to comprehend the affective connections between citizens and their urban surroundings, transcending traditional cartographic representations. Finally, these efforts are summarised through the analysis of a single drawing showcased at the 2021 Venice Biennale, illustrating the potential of this methodology to harmonize the collective efforts of various stakeholders.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Evidence and Method
  topic: category
subject: ALICE
  topic: keywords
subject: urban design
  topic: keywords
subject: data-based drawing
  topic: keywords
subject: affective cartography
  topic: keywords
subject: ecological transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucia Jalon Oyarzun
creator: Ruben Valdez
creator: Tiphaine Abenia
creator: Aurele Pulfer
creator: Malcolm Onifade
creator: Emmanuelle Agustoni
creator: Dieter Dietz
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Ruben Valdez, Lucia Jalon Oyarzun, Dieter Dietz, Malcolm Onifade, Aurele Pulfer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-24
publication date: 2023-12-24
starting page: 87
ending page: 104
doi: 10.47982/spool.2023.1.06

Retrieving landscape
type: item
description: This article focuses on two methods employed in the selection, interpretation, and representation of diverse source materials for developing alternative biographies for my ancestral landscape - Nanhai district in the Pearl River Delta in southern China. These biographies aim to approach Nanhai from a long view of continual transformation, as opposed to prevalent readings of the region that focus on the striking spatial contrasts and large-scale developments that have only come about in recent decades. The chronological reading explores a critical shift in the cosmological understanding of the landscape situated in the 19th century through a selection of historical gazetteer maps, while in the excavational reading the diffuse continuity of the lineage in the present-day landscape of Nanhai is traced. In both methods, the drawing functions as a crucial (research) tool to engage the range of source materials.
subject: Visual Essays
  topic: section
subject: Evidence and Method
  topic: category
subject: Pearl River Delta
  topic: keywords
subject: Landscape Biography
  topic: keywords
subject: Ancestral Landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: Cosmological Landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: Operative Research
  topic: keywords
creator: Hong Wan Chan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Hong Wan Chan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-24
publication date: 2023-12-24
starting page: 105
ending page: 120
doi: 10.47982/spool.2023.1.07

Design of Co-creation in Rotterdam Central Station (1996-2007)
type: item
description: This article explores the pivotal role of design as a decision-making tool within multi-stakeholder collaborations, focusing on the early phases of the Rotterdam Central Railway Station and its surroundings project. Spanning from 1996, when it gained National Key Project status, to 2007, when construction commenced, this period precedes the preliminary design, during which the design process becomes the primary method of collaboration among multiple stakeholders, including designers and clients involved in the station area’s development. After introducing the post-war reconstruction of the station area and the ‘Platform Zero’ experiment, this article defines three key stages of design in the initial phase, each of which left a distinct mark on the station project. These stages are: - From 1996 to 2001: Design for political communication. - From 2002 to 2004: Parallel design. - From 2004 to 2007: Design co-creation and integration. To provide a comprehensive view of the design’s development, this article includes insights from conversations with architects and planners engaged in the process. In a dynamic exchange between various stakeholders and designers, the evolution of Rotterdam Central Station’s design reveals how political decisions have been informed by thorough design studies, offering a platform for robust discourse on critical issues.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Evidence and Method
  topic: category
subject: mobility
  topic: keywords
subject: stations as nodes
  topic: keywords
subject: urban design
  topic: keywords
subject: architectural research
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-stakeholders’ collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: building blocks
  topic: keywords
subject: co-creation
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated design
  topic: keywords
creator: Manuela Triggianese
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Manuela Triggianese https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-24
publication date: 2023-12-24
starting page: 57
ending page: 72
doi: 10.47982/spool.2023.1.04