The Social Aftermaths of Landscape Architecture
Urban Parks and Green Gentrification
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https://doi.org/10.7480/spool.2018.2.3303Keywords:
landscape architecture, social impacts, socio-environmental urban justice, design discourse, Jaffa, Tel Aviv-JaffaAbstract
To date, the scholarship of landscape architecture has ignored the evolving research on green gentrification, which studies the mechanisms behind the social aftermaths of urban environmental improvements. The paper uses a case study analysis to prove that landscape architecture practice shares with other planning professions and policy makers the responsibility for the displacement of residents following environmental improvements. The paper analyses the inclusion of social structures, social justice, and the social impacts of projects in the professional discourse, scholarship, and practitioners' design discourse. The interpretations of the case study and the scholarship maintain that there is a desire to include social structures and social justice in the discipline's traditional mandate for preservation and representation of the relationship between culture and nature. However, partially admitted deficiencies in tradition, knowledge, and methodology have thwarted this goal in both the practice and scholarship of landscape architecture. The research on the social and economic benefits of a project’s performance is uncritical of the lack of assessment of the detrimental social outcomes of projects. By demonstrating and criticising the state of the art concerning the treatment of social structures in landscape architecture, the paper attempts to expand the discussion about the discipline's scope, performance, pedagogy, and research.
How to Cite
Meishar, N. (2018). The Social Aftermaths of Landscape Architecture: Urban Parks and Green Gentrification. SPOOL, 5(2), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.7480/spool.2018.2.3303
Published
2018-12-29
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Copyright (c) 2020 SPOOL
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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References
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Anguelovski, I. (2013). Beyond a Livable and Green Neighborhood: Asserting Control, Sovereignty, and Transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37(3) pp. 1012–34.
Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. T., Masip, L. & Pearsall, H. (2018). Assessing Green Gentrification in Historically Disenfranchised Neighborhoods: a Longitudinal and Spatial Analysis of Barcelona, Urban Geography 39(3) pp. 458-491.
Athamny, A. (2009). Ledovev et ha-kirot: Zehutan shel ha-nashim ha-falestiniyot yoshvot ha-batim ha-falestinim ba-merḥav ha-yafo’i [Muttering the Walls: The Identity of the Palestinian Women Inhabiting the Palestinian Houses in the Jaffan Space] Masters Thesis, Ben Gurion University.
Bimkom (2009). Meẓukat ha-diyur be-kerev ha-’ukhlusiyah ha-falestinit be-Yafo: Sof ʻidan ha-dayarut ha-mugenet be-nikhse reshut ha-pituʼakḥ [Housing Distress within the Palestinian Community in Jaffa: The end of Protected Tenancy in Jaffa], Jerusalem: Bimkom.
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Braudo, A. & R. Maoz (2010). Reconnecting the Tel Aviv and Jaffa Shoreline, Topos: The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 72, pp. 74-79.
Brown, W. (2003). Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy, Theory & Event 7(1), Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/tae.2003.0020.
Bullard, R. D. (Ed.) (1994). Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
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Checker, M. (2011). Wiped Out by the ‘Greenwave’: Environmental Gentrification and the Paradoxical Politics of Urban Sustainability, City and Society 23(2), pp. 210-229.
Corner, J. (1999). The Agency of Mapping, in: D. Cosgrove (Ed.) Mappings, pp. 213-252. London: Reaktion Books.
Corner, J. (2006) Terra Fluxus, in: Charles Weldheim (ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader, pp. 21-33. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Curran, W. & Hamilton T. (2012). Just Green Enough: Contesting Environmental Gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, Local Environment 17(9), pp. 1027-1042.
Deming, E. M. & Swaffield, S. (2011). Landscape Architectural Research: Inquiry, Strategy, Design. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Dooling, S. (2011). Ecological Gentrification: A Research Agenda Exploring Justice in the City, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33(3), pp. 621-639.
Ellin, N. (2013). Urbanism – New, Landscape, or Otherwise: The Case for Complementarity. In A. Duany & E. Talen (Eds.) Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents: Dissimulating the Sustainable City, pp. 281-292. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Fainstein, S. (2010). The Just City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gibbs, D. & Krueger, R. (2007). Containing the Contradictions of Rapid Development? New Economic Spaces and Sustainable Urban Development, in: R. Kruger & D. Gibbs (Eds.) The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political Economy in the United States and Europe, pp. 95–122. London, UK: Guilford Press.
Gobster, P. H., Nassauer, J. I., Terry, C., Daniel, T. C., & Fry, G. (2007). The Shared Landscape: What does Aesthetics have to do with Ecology? Landscape Ecology 22, pp. 959–972.
Golan, A. (2001). Shinuy merḥavi—Toẓa̕at miklhamah: Ha-shetakḥim ha-ʻaraviyim le-she‘avar be-medinat Yisra̕el, 1948–1950 [Wartime Spatial Changes: Former Arab Territories within the State of Israel, 1948–1950], Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press.
Hagerman, C. (2007). Shaping Neighborhoods and Nature: Urban Political Ecologies of Urban Waterfront Transformations in Portland, Oregon, Cities 24(4), pp. 285–297.
Hartman, C., Keating, W. & LeGates, R. (1982). Displacement, How to Fight it. Berkeley, Calif: National Housing Law Project.
Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City, New Left Review 53, pp. 23-40.
Harvey. D. (1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
Idelitz, O. (1989) Shikum ve-hitkhadshut ʻAjamai ve-Lev Yaffo – kavim le-tikhnun [Regeneration of Ajami and Jaffa’s Center – Guidelines for Planning], Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv-Jaffa Municipality and Israel Housing Ministry [report].
Ilnayi, I. (2010, February 26). Ze’irim hasrei mano’akh [Restless Youths]. Yedi’ot Tel Aviv, pp. 26-28.
Kear, M. (2007). Spaces of Transition Spaces of Tomorrow: Making a Sustainable Future in Southeast False Creek, Vancouver, Cities 24(4), pp. 324-334.
Kushrak, N. (2008, December 9). Toshvei ʻAjami be-Yafo yekablu et ha-yam be-khazara [Ajami’s residents will get the sea back], Haaretz, https://news.walla.co.il/item/1394398, checked November 20, 2018.
LAF (2016). The New Landscape Declaration. Philadelphia: Landscape Architecture Foundation.
Levine-Einstein, K. & Glick, D. M. (2016). Mayors, Partisanship, and Redistribution: Evidence Directly from U.S. Mayors, Urban Affairs Review, doi: 10.1177/1078087416674829, pp. 1-33.
Marcuse, P. (2012). Who’s Right(s) to What City? In N. Brenner, P. Marcuse, & M. Mayer (Eds.) Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City, pp. 24-41. London and New York: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. (1986). Abandonment, Gentrification and Displacement: the Linkages in New York City, In N. Smith and P. Williams (Eds.) Gentrification of the City, pp. 153–177. London: Unwin Hyman.
Marcuse, P. (1985). Gentrification, Abandonment and Displacement: Connections, Causes and Policy Responses in New York City, Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 28, pp. 195–240.
Margalit, T. & Alfasi, N. (2016). The Undercurrents of Entrepreneurial Development: Impressions from a Globalizing City, Environment and Planning A, 48(10), pp. 1967–1987.
Mazawi, A. E. & Khuri-Makhoul, M. (1990). Mediniyut merkḥavit be-Yafo: 1948–1990 [Spatial Policy in Jaffa: 1948-1990], in: H. Luski (Ed.) City and Utopia, Tel-Aviv: Israel Publishing Co.
Mazor, A. (1981). memorandum to The City’s Engineer 25.1.1981. Tel Aviv-Jaffa City Engineer Department Archive, brown file of urban master plan 2236-1.
Meishar, N. (in progress). Sea-Swept, Land Filled: An Urban Political Ecology of Beach Transformation: Jaffa 1948-1988, in progress.
Monterescu, D. (2015). Jaffa Shared and Shattered: Contrived Coexistence in Israel/Palestine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Morris, B. (1994). 1948 and after: Israel and the Palestinians, New York: Oxford University Press.
Nahum-Halevi, R. (2010, February). Likhyot be-sert [To live in the Movies], The Marker Magazine, pp. 124-123.
Nitzan-Shiftan, A. (2003). Seizing locality in Jerusalem. In N. AlSayyad (Ed.) The End of Tradition, pp. 223-242. New York and London: Routledge.
Quastel, N. (2009). Political Ecologies of Gentrification, Urban Geography 30(7), pp. 694-725.
Rackham, S. (1996). Beyond Landscape MacArchitecture: New Languages, New Landscapes, Landscape Review 2(3), pp. 33-44.
Rosen, E. (2006, November 9) be-Yafo tohim: ha-im le-akhar pinuy ha-zevel yavo’u ha-ʻashirim? [Some Wonder in Jaffa: Will the Rich Arrive after the Waste will Leave?], Haaretz, Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1152800, accessed 12 November, 2018.
Rosenzweig, R. & Blackmar, E. (1992). The Park and People: a History of Central Park, New York: Cornell University Press.
Sandberg, L. A. (2014). Environmental Gentrification in a Post-industrial Landscape: the Case of the Limhamn Quarry, Malmö, Sweden, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 19(10) PP. 1068-1085.
Shaqr, N. N. (1996). Ha-kehila ha-ʻAravit be-Yafo ʻal parashat drakhim kiyumit [The Arab Community in Jaffa on an Existential Crossroads]. Jaffa: privately printed.
Slater, T. (2012) Missing Marcuse: On Gentrification and Displacement, In N. Brenner, P. Marcuse & M. Mayer (Eds.), Cities for People not for Profit, pp. 171-196, New York: Routledge.
Smith, N. (1998). Nature at the Millennium: Production and Re-enchantment, in: B. Braun & N. Castree (Eds.) Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium, pp. 269-282. London: Routledge.
Swyngedouw, E. & Kaika, M. (2000). The Environment of the City…or the Urbanization of Nature, In G. Bridge & S. Watson (Eds.), A Companion to the City, pp. 567-580. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tel Aviv-Jaffa Local Planning Committee (1991). Minutes of Committee Meeting (13 February, 1991) [Brown File ‘Urban master plan 2236–8’] Tel Aviv-Jaffa City Engineer Archive.
Tel Aviv-Jaffa Municipality & Braudo-Maoz Landscape Architecture (2006). Midron Yafo – sikum pgishot shituf zibur ve-hazagat tikhnun raʻayoni [Jaffa Slope – Summary of Public Participation Meetings and Planning Presentation].
Taylor, H. A. (1995). Urban Public Park: 1840-1900: Design and Meaning, Garden History 21(2), pp. 201-221.
Thompson, I. H. (2012). Ten Tenets and Six Questions for Landscape Urbanism, Landscape Research, 37(1), pp. 7-26.
Thompson, I. H. (2000). Aesthetic, Social and Ecological Values in Landscape Architecture: a Discourse Analysis, Ethics, Place and Environment 3(3), pp. 269–287.
Waldheim, C. (2006). Landscape as Urbanism, In C. Waldheim (Ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader, pp. 35-54. New-York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li, S. & Binder, C. (2016). Economic Benefits: Metrics and Methods for Landscape Performance Assessment, Sustainability 8(5) pp. 1-12, doi:10.3390/su8050424.
Wolch, J. R., Byrne J. & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough,’ Landscape and Urban Planning, 125 pp. 234-244.
Yang, B., Li, S. & Binder, C. (2015). A Research Rrontier in Landscape Architecture: Landscape Performance and Assessment of Social Benefits, Landscape Research 41(3) pp. 314-329.
Allen, S. (2001). Mat Urbanism: The Thick 2-D. In Hashim Sarkis (Ed.) Case: Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital, pp. 118-126. Cambridge/New York: Harvard/Prestel.
Anguelovski, I. (2013). Beyond a Livable and Green Neighborhood: Asserting Control, Sovereignty, and Transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37(3) pp. 1012–34.
Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. T., Masip, L. & Pearsall, H. (2018). Assessing Green Gentrification in Historically Disenfranchised Neighborhoods: a Longitudinal and Spatial Analysis of Barcelona, Urban Geography 39(3) pp. 458-491.
Athamny, A. (2009). Ledovev et ha-kirot: Zehutan shel ha-nashim ha-falestiniyot yoshvot ha-batim ha-falestinim ba-merḥav ha-yafo’i [Muttering the Walls: The Identity of the Palestinian Women Inhabiting the Palestinian Houses in the Jaffan Space] Masters Thesis, Ben Gurion University.
Bimkom (2009). Meẓukat ha-diyur be-kerev ha-’ukhlusiyah ha-falestinit be-Yafo: Sof ʻidan ha-dayarut ha-mugenet be-nikhse reshut ha-pituʼakḥ [Housing Distress within the Palestinian Community in Jaffa: The end of Protected Tenancy in Jaffa], Jerusalem: Bimkom.
Braudo, A. (2008a) (personal communication, March 3, 2008), Ramat-Gan: Braudo-Maoz Office.
Braudo, A. (2008b) (personal communication, March 30, 2008), Ramat-Gan: Braudo-Maoz Office.
Braudo, A. & R. Maoz (2010). Reconnecting the Tel Aviv and Jaffa Shoreline, Topos: The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 72, pp. 74-79.
Brown, W. (2003). Neo-liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy, Theory & Event 7(1), Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/tae.2003.0020.
Bullard, R. D. (Ed.) (1994). Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Castree, N. (2000). Marxism and the Production of Nature, Capital and Class 76, pp. 5-32.
Castree, N. & Braun, B. (1998). The Construction of Nature and the Nature of Construction: Analytical and Political Tools for Building Survivable Futures, in: B. Braun & N. Castree (Eds.) Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium, pp. 2-41.London: Routledge.
Checker, M. (2011). Wiped Out by the ‘Greenwave’: Environmental Gentrification and the Paradoxical Politics of Urban Sustainability, City and Society 23(2), pp. 210-229.
Corner, J. (1999). The Agency of Mapping, in: D. Cosgrove (Ed.) Mappings, pp. 213-252. London: Reaktion Books.
Corner, J. (2006) Terra Fluxus, in: Charles Weldheim (ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader, pp. 21-33. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Curran, W. & Hamilton T. (2012). Just Green Enough: Contesting Environmental Gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, Local Environment 17(9), pp. 1027-1042.
Deming, E. M. & Swaffield, S. (2011). Landscape Architectural Research: Inquiry, Strategy, Design. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Dooling, S. (2011). Ecological Gentrification: A Research Agenda Exploring Justice in the City, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33(3), pp. 621-639.
Ellin, N. (2013). Urbanism – New, Landscape, or Otherwise: The Case for Complementarity. In A. Duany & E. Talen (Eds.) Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents: Dissimulating the Sustainable City, pp. 281-292. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Fainstein, S. (2010). The Just City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gibbs, D. & Krueger, R. (2007). Containing the Contradictions of Rapid Development? New Economic Spaces and Sustainable Urban Development, in: R. Kruger & D. Gibbs (Eds.) The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political Economy in the United States and Europe, pp. 95–122. London, UK: Guilford Press.
Gobster, P. H., Nassauer, J. I., Terry, C., Daniel, T. C., & Fry, G. (2007). The Shared Landscape: What does Aesthetics have to do with Ecology? Landscape Ecology 22, pp. 959–972.
Golan, A. (2001). Shinuy merḥavi—Toẓa̕at miklhamah: Ha-shetakḥim ha-ʻaraviyim le-she‘avar be-medinat Yisra̕el, 1948–1950 [Wartime Spatial Changes: Former Arab Territories within the State of Israel, 1948–1950], Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press.
Hagerman, C. (2007). Shaping Neighborhoods and Nature: Urban Political Ecologies of Urban Waterfront Transformations in Portland, Oregon, Cities 24(4), pp. 285–297.
Hartman, C., Keating, W. & LeGates, R. (1982). Displacement, How to Fight it. Berkeley, Calif: National Housing Law Project.
Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City, New Left Review 53, pp. 23-40.
Harvey. D. (1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
Idelitz, O. (1989) Shikum ve-hitkhadshut ʻAjamai ve-Lev Yaffo – kavim le-tikhnun [Regeneration of Ajami and Jaffa’s Center – Guidelines for Planning], Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv-Jaffa Municipality and Israel Housing Ministry [report].
Ilnayi, I. (2010, February 26). Ze’irim hasrei mano’akh [Restless Youths]. Yedi’ot Tel Aviv, pp. 26-28.
Kear, M. (2007). Spaces of Transition Spaces of Tomorrow: Making a Sustainable Future in Southeast False Creek, Vancouver, Cities 24(4), pp. 324-334.
Kushrak, N. (2008, December 9). Toshvei ʻAjami be-Yafo yekablu et ha-yam be-khazara [Ajami’s residents will get the sea back], Haaretz, https://news.walla.co.il/item/1394398, checked November 20, 2018.
LAF (2016). The New Landscape Declaration. Philadelphia: Landscape Architecture Foundation.
Levine-Einstein, K. & Glick, D. M. (2016). Mayors, Partisanship, and Redistribution: Evidence Directly from U.S. Mayors, Urban Affairs Review, doi: 10.1177/1078087416674829, pp. 1-33.
Marcuse, P. (2012). Who’s Right(s) to What City? In N. Brenner, P. Marcuse, & M. Mayer (Eds.) Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City, pp. 24-41. London and New York: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. (1986). Abandonment, Gentrification and Displacement: the Linkages in New York City, In N. Smith and P. Williams (Eds.) Gentrification of the City, pp. 153–177. London: Unwin Hyman.
Marcuse, P. (1985). Gentrification, Abandonment and Displacement: Connections, Causes and Policy Responses in New York City, Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 28, pp. 195–240.
Margalit, T. & Alfasi, N. (2016). The Undercurrents of Entrepreneurial Development: Impressions from a Globalizing City, Environment and Planning A, 48(10), pp. 1967–1987.
Mazawi, A. E. & Khuri-Makhoul, M. (1990). Mediniyut merkḥavit be-Yafo: 1948–1990 [Spatial Policy in Jaffa: 1948-1990], in: H. Luski (Ed.) City and Utopia, Tel-Aviv: Israel Publishing Co.
Mazor, A. (1981). memorandum to The City’s Engineer 25.1.1981. Tel Aviv-Jaffa City Engineer Department Archive, brown file of urban master plan 2236-1.
Meishar, N. (in progress). Sea-Swept, Land Filled: An Urban Political Ecology of Beach Transformation: Jaffa 1948-1988, in progress.
Monterescu, D. (2015). Jaffa Shared and Shattered: Contrived Coexistence in Israel/Palestine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Morris, B. (1994). 1948 and after: Israel and the Palestinians, New York: Oxford University Press.
Nahum-Halevi, R. (2010, February). Likhyot be-sert [To live in the Movies], The Marker Magazine, pp. 124-123.
Nitzan-Shiftan, A. (2003). Seizing locality in Jerusalem. In N. AlSayyad (Ed.) The End of Tradition, pp. 223-242. New York and London: Routledge.
Quastel, N. (2009). Political Ecologies of Gentrification, Urban Geography 30(7), pp. 694-725.
Rackham, S. (1996). Beyond Landscape MacArchitecture: New Languages, New Landscapes, Landscape Review 2(3), pp. 33-44.
Rosen, E. (2006, November 9) be-Yafo tohim: ha-im le-akhar pinuy ha-zevel yavo’u ha-ʻashirim? [Some Wonder in Jaffa: Will the Rich Arrive after the Waste will Leave?], Haaretz, Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1152800, accessed 12 November, 2018.
Rosenzweig, R. & Blackmar, E. (1992). The Park and People: a History of Central Park, New York: Cornell University Press.
Sandberg, L. A. (2014). Environmental Gentrification in a Post-industrial Landscape: the Case of the Limhamn Quarry, Malmö, Sweden, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 19(10) PP. 1068-1085.
Shaqr, N. N. (1996). Ha-kehila ha-ʻAravit be-Yafo ʻal parashat drakhim kiyumit [The Arab Community in Jaffa on an Existential Crossroads]. Jaffa: privately printed.
Slater, T. (2012) Missing Marcuse: On Gentrification and Displacement, In N. Brenner, P. Marcuse & M. Mayer (Eds.), Cities for People not for Profit, pp. 171-196, New York: Routledge.
Smith, N. (1998). Nature at the Millennium: Production and Re-enchantment, in: B. Braun & N. Castree (Eds.) Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium, pp. 269-282. London: Routledge.
Swyngedouw, E. & Kaika, M. (2000). The Environment of the City…or the Urbanization of Nature, In G. Bridge & S. Watson (Eds.), A Companion to the City, pp. 567-580. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tel Aviv-Jaffa Local Planning Committee (1991). Minutes of Committee Meeting (13 February, 1991) [Brown File ‘Urban master plan 2236–8’] Tel Aviv-Jaffa City Engineer Archive.
Tel Aviv-Jaffa Municipality & Braudo-Maoz Landscape Architecture (2006). Midron Yafo – sikum pgishot shituf zibur ve-hazagat tikhnun raʻayoni [Jaffa Slope – Summary of Public Participation Meetings and Planning Presentation].
Taylor, H. A. (1995). Urban Public Park: 1840-1900: Design and Meaning, Garden History 21(2), pp. 201-221.
Thompson, I. H. (2012). Ten Tenets and Six Questions for Landscape Urbanism, Landscape Research, 37(1), pp. 7-26.
Thompson, I. H. (2000). Aesthetic, Social and Ecological Values in Landscape Architecture: a Discourse Analysis, Ethics, Place and Environment 3(3), pp. 269–287.
Waldheim, C. (2006). Landscape as Urbanism, In C. Waldheim (Ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader, pp. 35-54. New-York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li, S. & Binder, C. (2016). Economic Benefits: Metrics and Methods for Landscape Performance Assessment, Sustainability 8(5) pp. 1-12, doi:10.3390/su8050424.
Wolch, J. R., Byrne J. & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough,’ Landscape and Urban Planning, 125 pp. 234-244.
Yang, B., Li, S. & Binder, C. (2015). A Research Rrontier in Landscape Architecture: Landscape Performance and Assessment of Social Benefits, Landscape Research 41(3) pp. 314-329.
